Unknown Citizen - 1356 Words

Themes of W.H. Audens The Unknown Citizen Conformity and Anonymity in the Modern World Social Security Number? Birth date? Nine digit telephone number starting with area code? Mothers Maiden Name? In many ways, we are simply faceless numbers to modern society, not individuals with feelings and emotions and dreams. W.H. Auden, a well-known English poet and dramatist, discusses this important theme in his poem An Unknown Soldier. Auden, being a modernist, is concerned with this modern idea of people losing their identities in the face of the changing, technological world. In the poem An Unknown Soldier, Auden speaks of the dangers of modern society to the individual including anonymity, conformity, and government control. The†¦show more content†¦Was he happy? The question is absurd: Had anything been wrong we should certainly have heard (Auden).† This question is still being asked today, the only difference now is that there is no doubt whether or not the opinions of the masses are being heard. The question remaining is whether or not the government is actually listening to the people. This poem also expresses that government makes it seem that every one else is doing the â€Å"right thing†, so you must follow in their footsteps and if you do so your reward is a happy and fulfilled life with all the comforts of the modern man. The standards are constantly changing so that you will never reach the optimum point, therefore you must always strive to improve. This can be seen in the 2000 Presidential Race. We the people have followed the same uniform procedures in determining our presidents since the founding of our country, yet we are now being told these standards are â€Å"outdated† and â€Å"unreliable†, which in turns breaks down our faith and the faith of other countries in our political system. Auden expresses a similar opinion in his poem. He presents the idea of the good society, at best a possibility, yet never actually achievable, but one in which we the people must always work towards. As citizens, we know the obligations of our citizenship, however it often times is the officials we tend to elect that forget their obligations to us. Is this idea not clearly being seen currently in the attempt to electShow MoreRelatedThe Unknown Citizen Explication Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesWerner 05 March 2012 The Unknown Citizen By W. H. Auden Several conflicts are dramatized in The Unknown Citizen, the most prominent being: conformity of the middle class, government manipulation, and the loss of individualism to the standards of an average citizen. The speaker of this poem is non-traditional as the poem is, in fact, an inscription on a â€Å"marble monument erected by the State.† The inscription is dedicated to a â€Å"JS/07 M 378†Ã¢â‚¬â€presumably, â€Å"The Unknown Citizen,† although this term onlyRead More The Unknown CItizen by W.H. Auden Essay731 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Unknown Citizen†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Unknown Citizen† by W.H. Auden, is a commentary on government and the materialism of modern man. The poem is written in the form of an obituary inscribed on a monument built by the government in commemoration of an average, upstanding, and decent community member. Throughout the passage, the speaker lists facts about the citizen’s life which he believes prove that the deceased was a valuable person. In actuality these facts represent nothing more than the sociallyRead MoreWystan Hugh Audens The Unknown Citizen1633 Words   |  7 Pagesand socially, garnering the attention of its citizens as well as the attention of citizens of other foreign countries. One of those individuals was renowned English poet, Wystan Hugh Auden (W.H Auden). Born in York, England in 1907, he moved to the United States in 1939 shortly before the start of World War 2 and became an American citizen (â€Å"Auden†, pars. 1, 16). Not long after his initial move, A uden wrote and published his poem â€Å"The Unknown Citizen†   while living in New York city. Unlike the scholarlyRead MoreThe Unknown Citizen Essay525 Words   |  3 PagesThe Unknown Citizen In The Unknown Citizen, Auden is implying that people are statistics and easily conformed to the normality of society. Throughout the poem, Auden portrays the character as being an all around normal citizen and one against whom there was no official complaint. In lines 4 and 5, the speaker describes the character as a saint and for in everything he did he served the Greater Community. He served in war, never got fired from his job, popular with his mates, andRead MorePoem Analysis: The Unknown Citizen Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesthose who actually never do anything. However, the Unknown Citizen has a monument built as a symbol of his perfection. Thus, Audens The Unknown Citizen shows how the government makes each individual merely a number unless they do not conform to societys norms. The monument of the unknown citizen is erected not to honor the memory of a man, but to show how he is the perfect example of a good citizen (Auden). In this poem, the citizen is just an average person who never stands out amongRead More The Unknown Citizen by W.H. Auden Essay815 Words   |  4 PagesThe Unknown Citizen by W.H. Auden The Poem â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† by W.H. Auden is a satire. Its narrator is the state. In this, the state pays tribute and describes a successful and positive product of its efficiency and effectiveness. In other words, it builds the character later described to the reader as â€Å"the perfect citizen.† The narrator speaks as if he is delivering a speech or common tribute using words and phrases that are familiar to the reader. Using such imagery Read MoreAn Analysis Of The Unknown Citizen By F. H. Auden2316 Words   |  10 Pagesto them without any complaints. Each of the three literary writings has a character that is considered rebellious within the norms of society. A rebellious person is someone who does not follow the rules that are given to them. The poem â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† by W. H. Auden is mainly about an unnamed man who is a conformist, because he listens to all the rules that are made for the society. On the other hand, the short story â€Å"A P† by John Updike and the play â€Å"Antigone† by Sophocles there is a conformistRead MoreAudens The Unknown Citizen and Michies Dooley is a Traitor983 Words   |  4 Pagesas symbolic characters, symbolism, and irony, to simplify the understanding of who this â€Å"satirical target† is. In â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† by W. H. Auden and James Michie’s â€Å"Dooley Is a Traitor,† symbolic characters, symbolism, and irony are all used to indirectly criticize the target of each satirical work. In â€Å"The Unknown Citizen,† Auden is criticizing the way average citizens live their daily life. In this satire, JS/07/M/378 is dead and is being praised by the state in a eulogy. In a typical eulogyRead More Analysis of The Unknown Citizen by W.H. Auden Essay examples1464 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of The Unknown Citizen by W.H. Auden â€Å"The Unknown Citizen†, written by W.H. Auden during 1940, is a poem where the speaker, a representative of the state or government, directs a speech to the audience about a monument being erected for a citizen. Written in free verse, although using many couplets, this poem is a poem that describes the life of a certain person through his records and documents. This citizen is portrayed as a normal and average human being who is being honouredRead MoreThe Unknown Citizen By F. H. Auden, A P2256 Words   |  10 PagesIn the three literary works that were chosen, â€Å"The Known Citizen† by W. H. Auden, â€Å"A P† by John Updike, and â€Å"Antigone† by Sophocles has a theme that is known to be conformity and rebellious. The poem â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† is mainly about the unknown man who is a conformist because he listens to all the rules that are made for the society. On the other hand, the short story â€Å"A P† has a conformist character who enforces the rules for the supermarket and a rebellious character who goes against the

An Ideal Life Free Essays

Life- this word carries with itself tremendous importance. it is a gift to all of mankind from the eternal Almighty. This is indicates that one has to use it to the fullest and not preserve it as an artifact. We will write a custom essay sample on An Ideal Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Life is above all our belongings. Nowadays,people live life for only one thing,the thing that can soothe even an Iron man’s heart,  money. People use fraudulent methods, practices and techniques to amass wealth,but this is not the life the eternal force wanted us to live. Many perish to the perils in life but life has to be so lest it would be like a person being spoon-fed. The eternal force wanted us to live a happy and satisfied life. Money is not a matter of concern. Serving humanity until life topples down,leaving our legacy behind for others to follow are the building blocks of an ideal life. People are remembered for their deeds and not for how long they lived. Mahatma Gandhi is the perfect example for a person with an ideal life. Simple style of living,having one’s goals set and the determination to achieve them,no inclination towards negative values were the spotlight of Gandhi’s life. Today we find such things rubbish and behave in an exact antithetical manner in comparison to Gandhi’s life. Yet it is Mahatma Gandhi’s photo that is printed on the Indian Currency Note and not ours. Hence. we should to try to live a life like the Mahatma himself. Life should be utilized to the fullest and must be our cherished possession always. Leading an ideal life will keep our reputation intact and create an example for others to follow. We shall be remembered for years together. How to cite An Ideal Life, Essay examples

Current Leadership Strategies of Pepsi Foods Mexico Free Sample

Question: Evaluate the Most Important Leadership Skills and Competencies that you think will be required for Pepsi Food Mexico Organisation. Answer: Introduction In the contemporary business environment, PepsiCo Foods Mexico (PFM) has required making significant changes in leadership patterns to draw substantial advantage in the marketing. By referring to the study material of PFMs strategic intervention, Pepsi Foods Mexicos current leadership strategies must be transformed to achieve innovation in the marketing. Meanwhile, the identified change will be required to increase customer loyalty through enhancing the core business competencies of PFM in the target market. Notably, the role of Jorge Rubio, the marketing veteran in PFM, has to be evaluated that can eventually make a huge impact on the change process. Precisely, the change will be effective for futuristic growth and sustainability of business in the target market (Williams, 2010). In order to improve the changing scenario, transformative leadership will be the order of the day. In the study, a thorough discussion on transformative leadership has been presented to draw the impact on the same managing change (Nieman, Schuyler and Brett, 2014). Leading to change, the study evaluates the role of the marketing leader to develop transformative leadership among the staff members within the CSI Department of PFM. To finish, the research study suggests the contrasting scenario of transformative and transactional leadership. Discussion Transformative Leadership The concept of transformative leadership was introduced by James McGregor Burns, a leadership expert of modern time. According to him, transformational leadership can be defined as a particular leadership style that will lead the organisational employees to move to a higher level through motivation (Galli, 2016). Precisely, transformative leaders have set high expectations towards the workforce so that remarkable results can be achieved. Moreover, transformative leadership encourages the staff members to find efficient ways of achieving targets increasing the workplace morale (Antonakis and House, 2014). Through excellent rapport, transformative leaders mobilise the workforce leading by examples. Admittedly, transformational leaders are specialised in working to change management within the HRM system. In the context of the existing scenario of PFM, transformative leadership must be introduced to the target audience i.e. the staff members within the CSI Department of PFM. Currently, the employees are reluctant to change the pattern within the marketing department. However, transformative leadership can alter the situation by changing the things that no longer works in the system (Sanders, Hopkins and Geroy, 2013). The transformative leadership will be effective for the employees as it will be evident in solving challenges through innovative ideas. Precisely, transformative leadership will help to replace the traditional patterns that are not fit with the system anymore. By enforcing transformational leadership strategy within the workforce, PFM management can give employees autonomy over their particular job positions to make significant decisions suitable for achieving the overall business targets. Invariably, transformative leadership will encourage to maximising the capability and capacity of organisational teams. In addition, transformative leadership traits can be influential for every member of CSI Department so that each of the integral units can work efficiently with others (Gunn, 2009). Decisively, transformative leadership will help the employees to look beyond self-interest to attain the organisational goal. Undoubtedly, the staff members will be encouraged to achieve the improbable leading to change. Change process Transformative leadership can be one of the most ideal strategies to management the change within the CSI Department of PFM. Significantly, transformative leadership among the team members can motivate the rest of the subordinates to deliver the vision at the workplace. Moreover, transformative leadership will be evident to set up trust-based relationship creating a unique and inimitable workplace culture (Galli, 2016). Precisely, such strategies can become the core competencies of the business leading to achieve competitive advantage in the target market. Leading to achieve significant change management, transformative leadership will be effective to combine the workplace diversity. By focusing the strategic programmatic objectives, transformative leadership can determine diversity as one of the core organisational value leading towards success. By respecting the workplace diversity, transformative leadership can work according to the set plan irrespective of race, culture, religion, etc. Predominantly, transformative leadership has turned the diversity into empowerment and extensiveness that can be highly effective for achieving corporate goals (Bond and Keys, 2013). Precisely, inclusiveness and empowerment can help to change the course of the dynamics so that employees can become more committed to their responsibilities and job positions. Meanwhile, transformative leadership has provided the freedom to the staff members to control their actions and activities setting their destinations accordingly (Shambach, 2014). Understandably, by including the transformative leadership within the CSI Department of PFM, employees can pioneer innovative strategic initiatives that can be useful to lead changes. Apart from that, the benevolent tradition within the management can get a makeover through the introduction of transformative leadership (Gunn, 2009). Unanimously, such leadership traits can encourage diversity culture among the workplace leading towards empowerment, inclusiveness, and equity. Furthermore, employees can feel an eager sense of accountability that will make a positive impact at the end. However, the style of management must be suitable to merge each of the constituents relevant for successful transformation of leadership (Chun and Evans, 2009). Meanwhile, research shows that transformative leadership is an essential modern-day leadership theory that helps in successful organizational change management. The application of transformative leadership helps in increasing the job satisfaction and motivation level of the workforce that further improves the productivity of the firm (Kennedy, 2008). Transformative leadership helps in referring to the process of major changes in the assumptions and attitudes of the organizations members and develops a commitment for the firms objectives, mission and strategies. On the other hand, the transformative leaders are those people who bring about the innovation, change and entrepreneurship for the improvement of the current operations of the firm. The transformational leaders are responsible for recognising the needs for change, create new vision, and implement the change (Mitra, 2013). The transformational leaders have the ability to inspire their subordinates to make the changes according to the needs of the firm and put themselves into the role of implementing the changes. On the other hand, transformational leaders attempt to increase the needs of the followers and promote dramatic changes in the behaviour of the organisations, groups and individuals (Makipere, 2008). Hence, transformative leadership is quite valuable for leading the change processes that are to be implemented by the CSI department of PFM. Contrast between transformative and transactional leadership The differences in the leadership styles rely on the ways the management uses to control their subordinates. Transactional leadership style is another approach that is used by the management to maintain the normal glow of the operations. In other words, transactional leadership can be considers as an approach that is used to keep the ship afloat (Tubin, 2017). The transactional leaders use an array of incentives and disciplinary power to motivate the employees to perform well in the organisation. The term transactional refers to the exchange of performance for rewards that is used by the managers to improve the productivity of the workforce (Mitra, 2013). The concept of transactional leadership can be introduced effectively drawing new models over the existing ones. Precisely, transactional leadership encourages the followers to make the move first during the change management. Meanwhile, by focusing of the target audience, staff members can be motivated leading towards transactional leadership. By identifying the trend in the existing market, transactional leadership can deliver cost effective measures drawing sustainable competitive advantage (Phillips and Hunt, 2012). But, in the case of PepsiCo Food Mexico, there is a need of implementing change in the operations of the CSI team. There is a need of transformative leadership approach that goes beyond the day to day operations of the firm and develops strategies for taking the individuals, groups and organisation to the next level of success and performance (Tubin, 2017). The transformative leadership style focuses on improving motivation, team building and collaboration with the workers al a different level of the organization to effectively implement the changes for the betterment of the firm. In other words, transformative leaders have increased the emotional attachment among the employees to motivate their performance (Mitra, 2013). By exchanging the relations, transformative leaders have encouraged the team members to think beyond self-interest. Notably, transactional leaders have developed fundamental orientation dealing with the current issues whereas transformative leaders are proactive by nature. Through leading by examples, transformative leaders have led to innovation (Rogers, 2008). In case of PepsiCo Foods Mexicos business context, transformative leadership can replace the traditional functions with the new ones so that strategic goals of the management can be achieved. Evidently, promoting new marketing system, the organisation can develop sustainable business advantage that will increase brand image in the target market. Hence, transformative leadership skills and competencies are more appropriate for leading the change in the CSI department of PepsiCo Foods Mexico. Important leadership skills and competencies By considering the above analysis, the CSI team of PepsiCo Food Mexico needs to develop transformative leadership skills and competencies in order to lead the changes in the operations of the firm. There are several leadership skills and competencies that can be developed by the team members to successfully implement the changes (Rogers, 2008). For example, innovation is the first criteria to lead the changes in the organisational culture. The CSIs members must be creative enough to develop better marketing strategies to influence the customers. Innovation helps the workforce to lead the organisation towards its success by seeking competitive edge in the Mexican market (Hesselbein and Johnston, 2012). There is a need of developing a innovative mindset among the employees and higher responsibilities must be allocated to them to increase employee engagement. The improvement in the employee engagement through innovative mindset will enhance the productivity of the CSI team. On the other hand, the self motivation skill and competency of a transformative leader will help the CSI members to set a clear vision and mindset to achieve the desired goals. The self motivation skill will help the employees to assess their strengths and weaknesses to develop their individual competencies (Hesselbein and Johnston, 2012). On the other hand, the motivational skills will help the CSI members to motivate their subordinates to follow the change process and deliver the vision of the organisation. The members need to appeal to the peoples value and inspire them with where and why they are leading them. Hence, the self motivation skill will develop a confidence among the members of the organisation to effectively lead the changes. In the meantime, the CSI team members must develop customer centric approach to lead the operations of the firm. Understanding the need of the customers and their changing behaviour will help the team to develop better marketing plans (Hesselbein and Johnston, 2012). The customer focusing skills will help the employees to influence the buyers and develop a better reputation of the firm. The customer focusing skills can be used to conduct market research and develop new products according to the need of the buyers. Hence, this skill of the CSI members will be helpful to implement the changes effectively and improve the market positioning of the firm. Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis, PepsiCo Foods Mexico needs to make changes in its leadership styles to improve its marketing activities. The company will develop a Customer Service Insights that will focus on customer centric approaches and creative ideas to improve the marketing activities of the firm. In order to make the necessary changes to achieve a more flexible, innovative, creative, and matrix form of organisation, the members of the firm must focus on implementing transformative leadership style. The transformative leadership approach will help to motivate the workers and develop a clear vision for the future to influence the employees to work for a common goal. On the other hand, the transformative leadership approach will increase employee engagement. The approach will promote workers satisfaction level and loyalty towards the firm. Moreover, the transformative approach will influence the workforce to consider the changes, beneficial for own interest as well as for the organisation. On the other hand, the leaders of the firm must possess innovation, customer focusing, and self motivating skills to influence the organisation to move towards the right direction. Conclusively, the transformative leadership skills and competencies must be developed by the members of PFM to effectively lead the changes. References Antonakis, J. and House, R. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformationaltransactional leadership theory.The Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), pp.746-771. Bond, M. and Keys, C. (2013). Empowerment, diversity, and collaboration: Promoting synergy on community boards.American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(1), pp.37-57. Chun, E. and Evans, A. (2009).Bridging the diversity divide. 1st ed. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. Galli, B. (2016). A Shared Leadership Approach to Transformational Leadership Theory.International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences, 7(3), pp.1-37. Gunn, A. (2009).Audacity of leadership. 1st ed. Authorhouse. Hesselbein, F. and Johnston, R. (2012).On leading change. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kennedy, P. (2008). Enterprise risk management: effective ERM practices.Strategy Leadership, 36(3). Makipere, K. (2008). Sustainable leadership.Strategic Direction, 24(9). Mitra, R. (2013). From Transformational Leadership to Leadership Trans-Formations: A Critical Dialogic Perspective.Communication Theory, 23(4), pp.395-416. Nieman, T., Schuyler, J. and Brett, J. (2014). Value of Competency and Value of Competency Assessment.SPE Economics Management, 6(01), pp.28-39. Phillips, R. and Hunt, J. (2012).Strategic leadership. 1st ed. Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books. Rogers, C. (2008).Leadership skills in policing. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sanders, J., Hopkins, W. and Geroy, G. (2013). From Transactional to Transcendental: Toward An Integrated Theory of Leadership.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 9(4), pp.21-31. Shambach, S. (2014).Strategic leadership primer. 1st ed. Carlisle Barracks, PA: US. Army War College. Tubin, D. (2017). Leadership identity construction practices.Educational Management Administration Leadership. Williams, D. (2010). Weighing in on Competency.Lippincott's Case Management, 5(4), p.129

Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example Essay Example

Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example Paper Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Introduction There are many theorists that have revolutionised the way in which we think about the media by voicing their theories on what they consider the media to exist as and what it should accomplish in the future. Both Marxist-based and pluralist models of the media have become two of the most prominent forms mapping out its ideal role in culture and society. Firstly, the Marxist-based model of what we should consider the media to be is based on a theory of a heavily divided society that ultimately, in its many varied institutions does not share common goals or interests. Founded on the original theories of Karl Marx, Marxist ideology predicts the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism by the proletariat, and thus an evolution into a classless communist society. In this essay I will attempt to explain the idea of Marxist-based models and explore how they can be directly related to the media and its intricacies. Secondly, there are the pluralist models of the media which concern themselves wi th the theory that it is entirely possible and necessary that the media should defend the democratic order, and these theories are based on the idea that society is no more than an aggregation of individuals, which all have the right to liberality. I will explain the history of the pluralist models of the media, and investigate the concepts and ideals that they occupy. As a framework for this essay, I will be continuously comparing the two mentioned models of the media, explaining their differences, positive and negative aspects, and possible appliances in the media today. The most obvious difference between the Marxist and the pluralist models of the media is that of their opposing theories of society; where the Marxist-based model believes in an ultimately separated society of fundamentally different groups all with their own desires and beliefs, the liberal pluralist model describes a close society of individuals sharing common values and freedom to do what they wish. This widely differing versions of what one would call society, directly affects the way in which a particular media should address its public – for the Marxist-based model, the media have to aim at many different groups and code their programmes or articles very carefully in order to reach the widest audience for the subject possible. This need for heavy detail is outlined in Stuart Hall’s model of â€Å"Encoding/Decoding† when he states: Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Body Paragraphs â€Å"The second position we would identify is that of the negotiated code or position. Majority audiences probably understand quite adequately what has been dominantly defined and professionally signified.they take ‘large views’ of issues.† (Hall, 1992 pp.137) What Hall is stating here is that the interpretation of the media is a subconscious, uncontrollable process which, not only large social groups, but individuals are susceptible to. The process of communication is not one involving the simple model of ‘sender/message/receiver,’ but in Hall’s model it is one involving production, circulation, consumption and reproduction. Where Hall and Marx have in common in theory is that they both understand that the media is a complex structure in dominance where each level is relatively self-sufficient or ‘autonomous’. This is perhaps where the Marxist-based model of media communication excels, in that it seeks to highlight the individual ity of the consumer that the pluralist model places in broader categories and groupings. In the pluralist model of the media, society is classified as a congregation of individuals, sharing similar beliefs, but ultimately not governed by pre-determined intricate models, as they have the freedom to choose. In a parallel with this, the media market is considered neutral and ungoverned, and therefore also free to regulate or publish whatever they desire. Power is not held by the individual, but by a social grouping of individuals, meaning there is no elitism in society like the Marxist model. Media groups are in continuous competition with each other, but the competition is consented, and those groups who tend to succeed are those who change or evolve to serve the public in a new and different way. At the level of production, there is a selection of laws that restrict some forms of human expression, but in liberal principal, there is still a large element of free speech, and any outcom es are in the public interest. However, involved in this liberal pluralist model are many problems stemming from the fact that it tends to ignore the economic reality of media production, as James Curran states, â€Å"Anyone is free to start a daily national newspaper, but few can afford even to contemplate the prospect† (Curran, 1997, pp.288). Even in knowledge of this, the development of a programme or product in the media industry is not just about expenses, but about skills and man-power. The trend that occurs with this kind of ‘free’ competition is that of monopolisation. The largest companies become those who not only change their produce continuously, or are the best at what they do, but are those companies that earn enough money to buy-out or merge with other businesses to form a much larger corporation with a much greater range of diversification. A recent example of such a monopoly is the AOL Time Warner corporation, where three of the biggest names in media production and facilitation combined together to form a company with some of the most influential forms of media at their disposal, including the internet, television, film and publications to name but a few. With this kind of market power, the AOL Time Warner company can shadow most corporations in similar industries, and can also prevent the majority of small businesses from growing in the trade, or even from simply beginning. In the Marxist-based model of the media, there exist two main kinds of class, those of the ‘Bourgeoisie,’ and those of the ‘Proletariat.’ The Bourgeoisie are the capitalists who own the means of social production and are the employers of wage labour. The Proletariat are the wage-labourers, who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labour power in order to make a living. The first theorists to take Marx’s ideas and relate them to theories of mass media in advanced capitalist societies were Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. They realised that the role of ideology in society, especially in terms of social control, had been significantly altered by the arrival of mass communications. They saw the mass media in a very pessimistic light, as a completely dominating consciousness, thus extinguishing the possibility of change or revolution, as can be seen when they say: â€Å"The culture industry perpetually cheats its consumers of what it perpetually promises.the promise, which is actually all the spectacle consists of, is illusionary: all that it actually confirms is that the real point will never be reached, that the diner must be satisfied with the menu.the culture industry does not sublimate; it represses.† (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1993, pp.38) Adorno and Horkheimer are part of the group of Marxist theorists originally based in Frankfurt, known as the ‘Frankfurt School’. The Frankfurt school coined the term ‘culture industries’ to de scribe the way in which they saw the press, entertainment and radio industries becoming capitalist institutions based on profit making and audience massification. The Marxist-based model of the media describes the disappearance of high art, or ‘pure’ entertainment, and the rise of mass media, bringing with it low standards, exploitation and an unskilled workforce. Whereas the pluralist model is based on the principles of free society and unified corporations all at the same level or liberalism, the Marxist-based model describes mass media and indeed the advancement of technology as tools of domination over the public. Whereas in the pluralist model, the public are free to choose what they buy, listen to or watch on television, in the eyes of the Frankfurt school, the media provides a ‘retro-active need’ for the consumer, in that it continuously plies the public with a range of products so that they end up feeling that they require them in order to live a fu ll life. This, along with the supposition that private broadcasters have little power in such a large Bourgeoisie-driven industry, leaves the consumer and indeed the Proletariat with little or no freedom. This is the ultimate difference between the liberal pluralist and the Marxist-based models of the media; the latter feels that mass media and increased range automatically means imitation and standardisation, thus limiting the individual and decreasing their freedom, whereas the former supposes that with the onset of mass media and more diverse range comes greater choice, greater variety, and ultimately a greater amount of freedom. Both the Marxist-based and pluralist models of the media remain relevant today, and still maintain a great source of debate for the culture industry. Although they both differ on many ideas and opinions, I feel that parts can be taken from both analyses of the media in order that greater understanding of the relatively new mass media culture may be reach ed. Both theories have their faults. The liberal pluralist model’s faults are its somewhat vague assumptions that all parts in the cycle of the media deserve equal merit, and perhaps its ignorance concerning the onset of economical issues surrounding mass media and large conglomerate organisations in the industry. The Marxist-based theory of the media is to some extent better explored as an argument, but it tends, especially in the case of the Frankfurt School, to be very pessimistic regarding all aspects of mass media, and thus ignores the positive aspects such as greater choice for the individual and consumers using popular culture in a contributing way to society. The media is one of the ways in society in which, in the form of power can both dominate and be dominated, and with the constantly changing forms of the media, and ever-advancing technology at the industry’s disposal, theories must advance too. With both the Marxist-based and pluralist models of the media, despite their differences, there is a great deal of freedom to advance and expand on the theories now and into the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Difference between Marxist-based and Pluralist models of the Media Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Oedipus Vs Faustus

and actions to discover Faustus’ pride, the willfulness of his falling from God, or his egotistic ambition to become his own god, they are outwardly and directly seen in everything he says and does. The opening Chorus describes the man, his intellectual excellence, and his fatal choice: †¦ swoll’n with cunning of a self-conceit, his waxen wings did mount above his reach, And melting heavens conspired his overthrow; For falling to devilish exercise And glutted now with learning’s golden gifts, He surfeits upon cursed necromancy. Nothing so sweet as magic is to him, Which he prefers before his chiefest bliss†¦ (Fau. Prologue. 20-27). This picture and the issue is clear enough; the allusion to Icarus is representative of Faustus’ career, while the alternative between â€Å"cursed necromacy† and â€Å"his chiefest bliss† is set forth as Faustus’ deliberate choice to choose magic. One by one Faustus examines the branches of higher learning as they were organized by the universities of his day: philosophy, medicine, law, and theology. One by one the fields of secular learning are rejected because their ends do not satisfy his demand, but notice what his demand is. He does not pursue for the sake of truth, but for power, superhuman power, the power over life and death. Of power, of honor, of omnipotence is promised to the studious artisan! All things that move between the quiet poles Shall be at my command. Emperors and kings are but obeyed in their several provinces, Nor can they raise the wind or rend the clouds, But his dominions that exceeds in this Stretcheth as far as doth the mind of m... Free Essays on Oedipus Vs Faustus Free Essays on Oedipus Vs Faustus Ignorance is Bliss Ignorance is bliss. It is mankind’s quest for true knowledge that plays as a prelude to our demise. This Aristotelian thought of seeking true knowledge when shared with power and pride can lead to ones downfall as seen through the plays of Doctor Faustus and Oedipus Rex. One does not have to look behind the words and actions to discover Faustus’ pride, the willfulness of his falling from God, or his egotistic ambition to become his own god, they are outwardly and directly seen in everything he says and does. The opening Chorus describes the man, his intellectual excellence, and his fatal choice: †¦ swoll’n with cunning of a self-conceit, his waxen wings did mount above his reach, And melting heavens conspired his overthrow; For falling to devilish exercise And glutted now with learning’s golden gifts, He surfeits upon cursed necromancy. Nothing so sweet as magic is to him, Which he prefers before his chiefest bliss†¦ (Fau. Prologue. 20-27). This picture and the issue is clear enough; the allusion to Icarus is representative of Faustus’ career, while the alternative between â€Å"cursed necromacy† and â€Å"his chiefest bliss† is set forth as Faustus’ deliberate choice to choose magic. One by one Faustus examines the branches of higher learning as they were organized by the universities of his day: philosophy, medicine, law, and theology. One by one the fields of secular learning are rejected because their ends do not satisfy his demand, but notice what his demand is. He does not pursue for the sake of truth, but for power, superhuman power, the power over life and death. Of power, of honor, of omnipotence is promised to the studious artisan! All things that move between the quiet poles Shall be at my command. Emperors and kings are but obeyed in their several provinces, Nor can they raise the wind or rend the clouds, But his dominions that exceeds in this Stretcheth as far as doth the mind of m...

SOX Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SOX Project - Essay Example Correspondingly, the study reveals that the company has been able to conduct operations in a reliable as well as sustainable manner. Economy and finance are interrelated subjects in the present day context. Thus, financial institutions are required to protect themselves from crisis and recession conditions for better business sustainability. It is with this notion that the United States Federal Law has been implemented at different levels to protect financial institutions from forecasted crises. Additionally, these laws have been enacted with the intention of ascertaining that financial institutions are administered well proficiently to minimize malpractices conducted by corporate entities at often instances (Ryu et al., 2006). A prominent example of such a law is the US implemented Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), which was enacted in the year 2002 with the intention of restoring confidence among market segments and corporate sectors worldwide following the liquidation of Enron Corporation. This Act was intended to assist in resolving issues existing within the auditing or accounting practices conducted by professional s as per the company legislations. Formally, in the Senate, the SOX Act is known as â€Å"Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act† and in the House, it is identified as â€Å"Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act† (OSHA, 2011). In this essay, the effectiveness of the SOX Act will be assessed with consideration to HSBC Finance Corporation, which is a subsidiary of Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) Group, headquartered in the UK. It is a financial service providing company. The company is also identified to provide different financial services that include auto loans, real estate loans, insurance products and Visa credit card as well as MasterCard loans among others. In this context, the company operating in the US is required to

The Construction of New York City's Subway System Essay

The Construction of New York City's Subway System - Essay Example The New York City subway system disperses in Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, and Bronx (Ruhl Web). Most significantly is the fact that the New York City subway system is not all-underground as only a few tracks run underground with the rest manifesting some levels of elevation (Range 19). The Times Square stands out as the busiest station of the New York City Subway. The City of New York owns the New York City Subway system with further leasing to the New York City Transit Authority for management. Many lines in the subway offer both express and local services where fare payment is usually through the Metro card. However, children and the disabled enjoy free rides and reduced fare respectively. As stated herein, the subway system proves to be cost-efficient in US where the Citizens Budget Commission reported in 2011 affirmed its effectiveness where it records the lowest cost per passenger. This paper will address the construction of the New York City subway system in details. It will eq ually consider the significant inventions and renovations that have taken place since its first inception. The construction of the New York City subway system entailed a lot of engineering work, masonry, electrical, human and machine labor. As such, apart from requiring well-trained engineers, the construction equally consumed huge capital investment. Indeed, since it was one of its kinds in New York a lot of lobbying, prior planning, legislation, and objective design was necessary in serving the intended purpose of effective transportation. As such, various subsections under the mandate of variant subcontractors undertook the construction of the New York City subway system. The construction process involved excavations, support of railway tracks, and tunnel work. It also included masonry work, plastering, construction, reconstruction of sub-surface structures, restoration of street surface, erection of steel, and painting of tunnel walls (Deyo Web). Consequently, the construction o f the NYC subway system adopted five types of construction (The Interborough Transit Company 35-40). This included the construction of the typical subway close to the surface with steel bulb-angle columns supporting the tacks and flat roof and "I" beams for supporting the roof. Then there was the construction of the flat roof typical subway where steel bulb-angle columns support the concrete construction. Additionally, there was the construction of the elevated road on steel viaduct and the concrete lined tunnel that involved concrete lined open cutwork and rock tunnel work. Lastly, the construction of the NYC subway system also encompassed the cast-iron tubes. These modes of construction took place in various sub sections (New York City subway Web). For a fact, the construction of the NYC subway system took many years to come to fulfillment. Notably, the talks on building an underground rail system in New York started as early as 1863. However, the main stakeholders shelved this th ought for some time, as it was until later in 1868 that Alfred E. Beach had to rely on the New York City Central Underground Company charter to build a test section of tunnel 350 feet long under Broadway. Subsequently, the Commodore Vanderbilt mandated the New York City Rapid Transit Company to initiate the sub-surface railroad construction in 1872. However, this plan had to wait for the passing of the referendum in 1894 to generate financial